HIRANMOY PATI – Hiranmoy

Python Learning – Day 5: Loops (for, while) with Real-Life Examples

21 Jan 2026

Introduction

Welcome to Day 5 of my Python learning journey.
In this lesson, I learned about loops in Python. Loops are used to repeat tasks automatically, which saves time and reduces manual work.

In real life, we repeat tasks daily (like practicing, calculating bills, sending reminders). In programming, loops help us do the same thing efficiently.

📚 Topics Covered in Day 5

In this lesson, I learned:

What is a loop in Python
for loop and how range() works
while loop and condition-based repetition
How to use loops with real-life examples
Practice programs like even numbers, multiplication table, and sum calculation

🔁 What Is a Loop?

A loop is used to execute a block of code multiple times.

Python mainly provides two types of loops:

for loop (counting-based repetition)
while loop (condition-based repetition)

✅ `for` Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

for number in range(1, 11):
    print(number)

Output:

1
2
3
...
10

range(1, 11) means numbers from 1 to 10 (11 is not included).

✅ `while` Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

i = 1
while i <= 10:
    print(i)
    i += 1

The while loop runs as long as the condition is true.

✅ Real-Life Example: Print Even Numbers (1 to 10)

Using `for` loop:

for number in range(1, 11):
    if number % 2 == 0:
        print(number)

Using `while` loop:

i = 1
while i <= 10:
    if i % 2 == 0:
        print(i)
    i += 1

The % operator gives the remainder. If a number is divisible by 2, it is even.

🧮 Program 1: Multiplication Table (User Input)

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

for i in range(1, 11):
    result = number * i
    print(number, "x", i, "=", result)

This program prints the multiplication table from 1 to 10.

➕ Program 2: Sum of 1 to N (User Input)

n = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if n <= 0:
    print("Please enter a positive number.")
else:
    total = 0
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        total += i
    print("Sum of 1 to", n, "is:", total)

This program calculates the total sum from 1 to N using a loop.

🌍 Why Loops Are Important?

Loops are used in real-world applications like:

Repeating tasks automatically
Processing large data lists
Running programs until a condition is met (e.g., login systems)
Creating patterns and tables
Automation and scripts

✅ What I Learned Today

How to repeat tasks using loops
The difference between for and while
Using loops with conditions (even/odd)
Building real-life mini projects with loops

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 6)

In Day 6, I will learn about:

Lists in Python
Storing multiple values in one variable
Looping through lists with real-life examples

📢 Final Note

This series is beginner-friendly and public so anyone can learn Python step by step.

Thank you for reading 🚀

Python Learning – Day 4: Conditional Statements (if, else, elif)

12 Jan 2026

Introduction

Welcome to Day 4 of my Python learning journey.
In this lesson, I learned how Python makes decisions using conditional statements such as if, else, and elif.

Conditional statements are extremely important in programming because real-life applications constantly make decisions based on conditions.

📚 Topics Covered in Day 4

In this lesson, I learned:

What are conditional statements
How if works in Python
How if-else controls program flow
How elif handles multiple conditions
Using conditions with user input

🔀 What Are Conditional Statements?

Conditional statements allow a program to execute different code blocks based on conditions.

In simple words:

If a condition is true → do something
Else → do something else

🧠 Simple `if` Example

age = 20

if age >= 18:
    print("You can vote")

This code checks whether a person is eligible to vote.

🔄 `if – else` Example

age = 16

if age >= 18:
    print("You can vote")
else:
    print("You cannot vote")

Here, Python makes a decision based on the value of age.

🧮 Real-Life Example: Pass or Fail

marks = 35

if marks >= 40:
    print("Pass")
else:
    print("Fail")

This logic is commonly used in school result systems.

➕ Multiple Conditions Using `elif`

marks = 75

if marks >= 90:
    print("Excellent")
elif marks >= 60:
    print("Good")
elif marks >= 40:
    print("Pass")
else:
    print("Fail")

Python checks the conditions from top to bottom and executes the first true condition.

🧾 Real-Life Program: Student Result System

name = input("Enter your name: ")
marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))

if marks >= 90:
    print(f"{name}, your result is: Excellent")
elif marks >= 60:
    print(f"{name}, your result is: Good")
elif marks >= 40:
    print(f"{name}, your result is: Pass")
else:
    print(f"{name}, your result is: Fail")

This program behaves like a real-world student result evaluation system.

🌍 Why Conditional Statements Are Important

Conditional statements are used in:

Login systems
Eligibility checks
Exam result processing
Banking and finance applications
Decision-based automation

Without conditional logic, programs would not be able to make decisions.

✅ What I Learned Today

How to use if, else, and elif
How Python makes decisions
How to apply logic to real-life problems
How to create interactive decision-based programs

This lesson helped me understand the foundation of decision-making in Python.

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 5)

In Day 5, I will learn about:

Loops in Python
Repeating tasks automatically
Real-life loop examples

📢 Final Note

This Python learning series is written for beginners.
Anyone who wants to learn Python step by step can follow these posts.

Thank you for reading 🚀

Python Learning – Day 3: Strings and User Input

12 Jan 2026

Introduction

Welcome to Day 3 of my Python learning journey.
In this lesson, I learned how Python interacts with users using strings and user input.

Most real-world applications need to communicate with users, and this lesson explains how Python takes input, processes it, and displays meaningful output.

📚 Topics Covered in Day 3

In this lesson, I learned:

What are strings in Python
How to take user input using input()
How to convert input into numbers
How to format output using f-strings

🔤 What Is a String in Python?

A string is a sequence of characters used to store text.
In Python, strings are written inside double quotes " " or single quotes ' '.

Example:

message = "Hello, Python"
print(message)

Output:

Hello, Python

Strings are commonly used for:

Names
Messages
User input
Text display

🧾 Taking User Input in Python (`input()`)

The input() function allows Python to receive data from the user.

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello", name)

Output:

Enter your name: Hiranmoy
Hello Hiranmoy

By default, input() always returns a string.

🔢 Converting Input into Numbers

When we need to perform calculations, we must convert user input into numbers using int().

Example:

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
print("After 5 years, your age will be", age + 5)

Output:

Enter your age: 22
After 5 years, your age will be 27

🧠 Formatting Output Using f-Strings

Python provides f-strings to format output easily.

Example:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
city = input("Enter your city: ")

print(f"I am {name} and I live in {city}")

Output:

I am Hiranmoy and I live in Haldia

f-strings make code cleaner and easier to read.

🏗️ Real-Life Example: Online Form

The following program simulates a simple online form:

name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
profession = input("Enter your profession: ")
city = input("Enter your city: ")

print("\n--- User Details ---")
print(f"Name: {name}")
print(f"Age: {age}")
print(f"Profession: {profession}")
print(f"City: {city}")

This program behaves like filling an online registration form.

🌍 Why This Lesson Is Important

User input and strings are essential in:

Login systems
Registration forms
Chat applications
Interactive software

This lesson is a foundation for building real-world Python applications.

✅ What I Learned Today

How to work with strings
How to take user input
How to convert input into numbers
How to format output using f-strings

This lesson helped me build interactive Python programs.

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 4)

In Day 4, I will learn about:

Conditional statements (if, else)
Decision making in Python
Real-life logic examples

📢 Final Note

This Python learning series is written for beginners.
Anyone who wants to learn Python step by step can follow these posts.

Thank you for reading 🚀

Python Learning – Day 2: Operators and Real-Life Calculations

6 Jan 2026

Introduction

Welcome to Day 2 of my Python learning journey.
In this lesson, I learned how Python performs mathematical calculations using operators.

Operators are very important in programming because almost every real-world application involves calculations such as bills, salary, discounts, and expenses.

📚 Topics Covered in Day 2

In this lesson, I learned:

What are operators in Python
Arithmetic operators
How Python performs calculations
Real-life examples like shopping bills and discounts

🧮 What Are Operators in Python?

Operators are symbols that perform operations on values and variables.

Python operators help us to:

Add numbers
Subtract values
Multiply quantities
Divide amounts
Find remainders

🔢 Arithmetic Operators in Python

Operator	Purpose	Example
`+`	Addition	10 + 5
`-`	Subtraction	10 – 5
`*`	Multiplication	10 * 5
`/`	Division	10 / 5
`%`	Modulus (remainder)	10 % 3

🏪 Real-Life Example: Shopping Bill

Let’s calculate the total cost of buying rice.

Python Code Example:

rice_price = 60
quantity = 3

total_price = rice_price * quantity
print("Total price =", total_price)

Output:

Total price = 180

This example is similar to calculating a bill in a grocery store.

🏷️ Discount Calculation Example

Now let’s apply a discount to the total price.

Python Code:

rice_price = 60
quantity = 3
discount = 5  # percent

total_price = rice_price * quantity
final_price = total_price - (total_price * discount / 100)

print("Rice price =", rice_price)
print("Quantity =", quantity)
print("Total price =", total_price)
print("Discount =", discount, "%")
print("Final price after discount =", final_price)

Output:

Rice price = 60
Quantity = 3
Total price = 180
Discount = 5 %
Final price after discount = 171.0

🔍 Modulus Operator (%) – Real-Life Meaning

The modulus operator % returns the remainder after division.

Example:

print(10 % 3)

Output:

Real-Life Use Case:

If 10 items are divided among 3 people, 1 item will remain.

🌍 Why Operators Are Important?

Operators are used everywhere in real-world applications:

Shopping and billing systems
Salary calculation
Expense tracking
Banking applications

Without operators, programming would not be possible.

✅ What I Learned Today

How Python performs calculations
How to use arithmetic operators
How to calculate bills and discounts
How Python helps in real-life problem solving

This lesson helped me understand how Python works like a smart calculator.

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 3)

In Day 3, I will learn about:

Strings in Python
Taking user input using input()
Creating simple interactive programs

📢 Final Note

This Python learning series is designed for beginners.
Anyone who wants to learn Python step by step can follow these posts.

Thank you for reading 🚀

Python Learning – Day 1: Introduction, print() and Variables

24 Dec 2025

📌 Introduction

Python is one of the most popular and beginner-friendly programming languages in the world.
In this learning journey, I am documenting my daily Python classes so that anyone can learn Python step by step along with me.

In Day 1, I learned the very basics of Python, including how to print messages and how to store data using variables.

📚 Topics Covered in Day 1

In this lesson, I learned the following topics:

What is Python
How Python prints output using print()
What are variables
How to store and display data

🧠 What is Python?

Python is a high-level programming language that is easy to read, write, and understand.
It is widely used in:

Web development
Data analysis
Automation
Artificial Intelligence
Cybersecurity

Python is perfect for beginners because its syntax is very simple and close to English.

🖨️ Printing Output in Python (`print()`)

To display any message on the screen, Python uses the print() function.

Example:

print("Hello, Python")
print("My name is Hiranmoy")

Output:

Hello, Python
My name is Hiranmoy

The print() function tells Python what to show as output.

📦 Variables in Python

A variable is like a container that stores data.
We can give a name to a value and use it later.

Example:

name = "Hiranmoy"
age = 22
city = "Haldia"

print(name)
print(age)
print(city)

Output:

Hiranmoy
22
Haldia

Here:

name, age, and city are variables
= is used to assign values
Python stores the data in memory

🔗 Using Text with Variables

We can also combine text and variables using print().

Example:

name = "Hiranmoy"
age = 22

print("My name is", name)
print("I am", age, "years old")

Output:

My name is Hiranmoy
I am 22 years old

🌍 Real-Life Example

Variables are used everywhere in real life:

Contact name and number
Login username
User profile details

Python variables work in the same way by storing information.

✅ What I Learned Today

How Python displays output
How to create and use variables
How to write simple Python programs
Basic structure of Python code

This lesson helped me understand the foundation of Python programming.

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 2)

In Day 2, I will learn about:

Python Operators
Mathematical calculations
Real-life examples like bills and discounts

📢 Final Note

This learning series is completely beginner-friendly.
Anyone who wants to start learning Python can follow these daily posts.

Thank you for reading.

শ্রাবণ মাসে শিবের মাথায় জল ঢালার পেছনের রহস্য — ভক্তি, পুরাণ ও বৈজ্ঞানিক ব্যাখ্যা

21 Jul 2025

🌧️ শ্রাবণ মাস এলেই কেন শিবের মাথায় জল ঢালা হয়?

শ্রাবণ মাসে বিশেষ করে সোমবরে (সোমবার), হাজার হাজার ভক্ত শিবমন্দিরে গিয়ে শিবলিঙ্গে জল ঢালেন, গঙ্গাজল নিয়ে যান, কখনো দুধ, কখনো বেলপাতা নিবেদন করেন। কিন্তু এই আচারটা কেবল অন্ধ ভক্তি নয়—এর পেছনে রয়েছে মহাপুরাণ, জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্র, আধ্যাত্মিক দর্শন এবং এমনকি বৈজ্ঞানিক যুক্তিও।

চলুন, জানি কেন শ্রাবণ মাসের প্রথম সপ্তাহেই শিবের মাথায় জল ঢালার রীতি এত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ হয়ে ওঠে।

🐍 ১. সামুদ্র মন্থন ও নীলকণ্ঠ শিবের কাহিনি

হিন্দু পুরাণ অনুসারে, দেবতা ও অসুরদের মধ্যে সামুদ্র মন্থন চলাকালীন উঠে আসে এক মারাত্মক বিষ—হালাহল। এই বিষের প্রভাবে সমগ্র সৃষ্টির ধ্বংসের আশঙ্কা তৈরি হয়।

এই সময় মহাদেব শিব সেই বিষ পান করেন এবং তা গলায় ধারণ করেন—যার ফলে তাঁর গলা নীল হয়ে যায়। তখন থেকেই তিনি “নীলকণ্ঠ” নামে পরিচিত। কিন্তু বিষের তাপ শিবের দেহে ব্যাপক উত্তাপ সৃষ্টি করে।

এই উত্তাপ প্রশমনে দেবতারা, ঋষিরা, এবং ভক্তরা গঙ্গাজল, ঠান্ডা জল, দুধ ও বেলপাতা দিয়ে শিবকে স্নান করান।

📌 এই ঘটনাটি শ্রাবণ মাসেই ঘটেছিল বলে বিশ্বাস করা হয়। তাই এই মাসে শিবের মাথায় জল ঢালার রীতি শুরু হয়।

🌕 ২. চন্দ্র ও শ্রাবণ মাসের সম্পর্ক

শ্রাবণ শব্দটির উৎপত্তি “শ্রবণা” নক্ষত্র থেকে, যা চন্দ্র দ্বারা নিয়ন্ত্রিত।
আর চাঁদ আবার শিবের জটায় বিরাজমান — তাই শিবকে বলা হয় “চন্দ্রশেখর”।

এই মাসে চাঁদের শক্তি অত্যন্ত প্রবল, তাই চন্দ্রের প্রভাবে মানসিক অস্থিরতা বাড়ে।
👉 শিব হলেন ধ্যান ও শীতলের প্রতীক — তাই জল দিয়ে তাঁর পূজা করলে মানসিক শান্তি পাওয়া যায়।

🕉️ ৩. সোমব্রত ও শ্রাবণের প্রথম সোমবার

সোমবার অর্থাৎ সোম = চন্দ্র।
শিব চাঁদের প্রতীক, তাই সোমবার শিবের আরাধনা করার বিশেষ ফল রয়েছে।

শ্রাবণ মাসের প্রথম সোমবারে জল ঢালার মাধ্যমে ভক্তরা ব্রতের সূচনা করেন, যা তাদের জীবনে শান্তি, সাফল্য ও পুণ্য অর্জনে সাহায্য করে।

🚶‍♂️ ৪. কাঁওয়ার যাত্রা ও গঙ্গাজল নিবেদন

উত্তর ভারত, বিহার, ঝাড়খণ্ড, পশ্চিমবঙ্গের অনেক জায়গায় ভক্তরা দূর-দূরান্ত থেকে গঙ্গাজল সংগ্রহ করে হাঁটতে হাঁটতে মন্দিরে পৌঁছে শিবলিঙ্গে জল ঢালেন। একে বলে কাঁওয়ার যাত্রা।

এই যাত্রা শ্রাবণের শুরুতেই সবচেয়ে বেশি দেখা যায়।
🔱 এই কর্ম ভক্তদের পাপমোচন, কামনা-বাসনার পূরণ এবং আত্মিক উন্নতির পথ খুলে দেয়।

🧘‍♀️ ৫. আধ্যাত্মিক ও মনোবৈজ্ঞানিক ব্যাখ্যা

নিরবিচ্ছিন্নভাবে শিবলিঙ্গে জল ঢাললে এক ধরনের ধ্যানমগ্ন অবস্থা তৈরি হয়।
ঐ “টুপটাপ” শব্দ মনকে স্থির করে, অস্থিরতা দূর করে।
এইভাবে ভক্ত শুধু শিবকে পূজা করে না, নিজেকেও আধ্যাত্মিকভাবে পরিশুদ্ধ করে।

🧪 ৬. বৈজ্ঞানিক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি

শিবলিঙ্গ কালো পাথরের তৈরি। জল পড়লে পাথরের তাপমাত্রা হ্রাস পায়, যা মন্দিরে শীতলতা বজায় রাখে।
এর ফলে ধ্যান, প্রার্থনা ও মানসিক একাগ্রতা সহজ হয়।
পাশাপাশি, এটি একটি প্রতীকী জলধারা — যা জীবনচক্র, প্রবাহমানতা ও শুদ্ধতারও প্রতীক।

✅ উপসংহার

শ্রাবণ মাসের প্রথম সপ্তাহে শিবের মাথায় জল ঢালার রীতি শুধুই ধর্মীয় নয়, এটি এক বহুমাত্রিক আচার—যা পুরাণ, জ্যোতিষ, আধ্যাত্মিকতা ও মনোবিজ্ঞানকে এক সুতোয় গাঁথে।

শিব মানে শান্তি, শুদ্ধি, ধ্যান। জল মানে শীতলতা, প্রবাহ, পবিত্রতা।
এই দুইয়ের মিলনই হয় শ্রাবণ মাসে, শিবের মাথায় এক ঢাল ঠান্ডা জল ঢালার মাধ্যমে।

🔔 আপনি কি এবারের শ্রাবণ সোমবারে শিবের মাথায় একবাটি জল ঢালবেন?

📌 পোস্টটি ভালো লাগলে শেয়ার করুন।
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Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner’s Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -5)

9 May 2025

In this blog, we’ll walk through 12 super useful Kali Linux commands. We’ll keep things simple, beginner-friendly, and real—because learning should be fun, not scary! 😊

Let’s dive into:

tac
od
od --all
sleep
uft
head
tail
sort
lsof
lspci
grep

1. `tac`: Print File in Reverse

While cat displays a file’s contents from top to bottom, tac does the opposite—it shows the lines from bottom to top.

📘 Syntax:

tac filename.txt

📌 Example:

Suppose you have a file lines.txt with the following lines:

Line One
Line Two
Line Three

Run:

tac lines.txt

🖥️ Output:

Line Three
Line Two
Line One

✅ Use Case:

Useful for reading logs in reverse order or analyzing data bottom-up.

2. `od`: Octal Dump

od (Octal Dump) lets you view binary data in human-readable format like hexadecimal, octal, or ASCII.

📘 Syntax:

od filename

📌 Example:

echo "hello" > demo.txt
od demo.txt

🖥️ Output:

0000000 150 145 154 154 157 012
0000006

Each number represents a character in ASCII.

3. `od --all`: Full Format Dump

You can use od with the --format=all (or simply --all) option to see data in all common formats: hexadecimal, octal, ASCII, etc.

📘 Syntax:

od --format=all filename

📌 Example:

od --format=all demo.txt

🖥️ Output includes:

Character representation
Octal values
Hex values
ASCII values

This is especially helpful in reverse engineering or malware analysis.

4. `sleep`: Pause Execution

Need to delay a process? sleep is your go-to command to pause script execution for a specific time.

📘 Syntax:

sleep [seconds]

📌 Example:

sleep 5

🕐 Waits for 5 seconds before executing the next command.

✅ Use Case:

Perfect for automating scripts with controlled delays or cooldowns between actions.

5. `uft`: ⚠️ Possible Mistype?

There is no standard Linux command called uft. Did you mean:

uftpd – a lightweight FTP server?
uft – as a typo for cut or uftp?

Please verify and I’ll update this section. (You can skip this for now if it was a typo.)

6. `head`: Display First Lines

Want to quickly preview the top of a file? Use head!

📘 Syntax:

head filename

By default, it shows the first 10 lines.

📌 Example:

head demo.txt

To show a specific number of lines:

head -n 5 demo.txt

7. `tail`: Display Last Lines

The opposite of head, tail shows the last lines of a file.

📘 Syntax:

tail filename

📌 Example:

tail -n 3 demo.txt

✅ Use Case:

Frequently used for watching log files in real-time:

tail -f /var/log/syslog

8. `sort`: Organize Text

Sort the lines in a file alphabetically or numerically.

📘 Syntax:

sort filename

📌 Example:

If names.txt contains:

Zebra
Apple
Mango

Run:

sort names.txt

🖥️ Output:

Apple
Mango
Zebra

Add -r to sort in reverse.

9. `lsof`: List Open Files

lsof (List Open Files) shows which files are currently open by processes.

📘 Syntax:

lsof

📌 Example:

lsof -u yourusername

List all open files for a specific user.

Another one:

lsof -i :80

Shows which process is using port 80.

✅ Use Case:

Ideal for troubleshooting file locks, open ports, and network issues.

10. `lspci`: List PCI Devices

Curious about your hardware? Use lspci to display information about PCI buses and connected devices.

📘 Syntax:

lspci

📌 Example Output:

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC
00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: VMware SVGA II Adapter

✅ Use Case:

Perfect for checking graphics cards, network cards, and more.

11. `grep`: Pattern Matching Hero

grep is one of the most powerful tools in Linux. It searches for patterns (text) inside files.

📘 Syntax:

grep "pattern" filename

📌 Example:

grep "error" /var/log/syslog

This finds all lines that contain the word “error”.

Use with -i to ignore case:

grep -i "ERROR" syslog

Combine with ps to find running processes:

ps aux | grep apache

✅ Use Case:

Log analysis
Keyword search
Filtering output

Bonus Tips 💡

Here are some practical combos and tricks using the above commands:

➤ Monitor a Log File for Errors in Real Time:

tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep "error"

➤ Wait Before Executing Another Command:

sleep 10 && echo "10 seconds later..."

➤ Reverse and Sort a File:

tac names.txt | sort

➤ Display Hardware Info:

lspci | grep VGA

Final Words

Learning Kali Linux commands doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Start small, experiment, and use commands like tac, od, head, grep, and lsof to get comfortable navigating and managing your system like a pro.

If you’re serious about ethical hacking or system administration, these commands are more than just tools—they’re your daily companions. Bookmark this guide and practice often!

👋 Let’s Connect!

If you enjoyed this post, explore more beginner-friendly tech blogs at hiranmoypati.com. Whether you’re learning ethical hacking, Excel, or growing your digital brand—I’ve got you covered.

Happy hacking, and see you in the next blog! 🚀

Learn Kali LinuxBeginner’s Roadmap to Ethical Hacking (2025) (3)

Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner’s Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -4)

9 May 2025

Kali Linux commands: more, less, man, uptime, id, lsusb, lspci, ulimit, wc, and lsblk.

Whether you’re just starting out with Kali Linux or diving deeper into your cybersecurity journey, mastering essential commands is the key to working efficiently in the terminal. Kali Linux, a Debian-based system widely used for penetration testing and ethical hacking, offers a rich collection of commands that give you powerful control over your system.

In this friendly guide, we’ll explore 10 fundamental commands that every Kali Linux user should know: more, less, man, uptime, id, lsusb, lspci, ulimit, wc, and lsblk. We’ll explain each command with real-life examples and practical guidance so you can apply them immediately in your workflow.

🔍 1. `more` – View Content One Page at a Time

The more command lets you view the content of a file one screen at a time. This is super handy when you’re dealing with long configuration or log files.

📘 Syntax:

more filename

✅ Example:

more /etc/passwd

This will display the /etc/passwd file page-by-page. Press Space to go to the next page or q to quit.

📌 Use Case:

When a log file is too big for cat, use more to scroll through comfortably.

📜 2. `less` – A More Powerful Pager

less is similar to more, but with more features. You can scroll backward as well as forward. It doesn’t load the entire file at once, which makes it faster and more efficient.

📘 Syntax:

less filename

✅ Example:

less /var/log/syslog

Press Space to go forward, b to go back, /searchterm to search inside the file, and q to quit.

🆚 Why `less` is better than `more`:

Bidirectional navigation
Supports search
Loads faster

📖 3. `man` – The Manual Pages

Want to know how a command works? Use the man command to open the manual for it.

📘 Syntax:

man commandname

✅ Example:

man ls

This will open the manual for the ls command. Use arrow keys to navigate.

🎓 Pro Tip:

If you’re confused about any command, just type man before it. For example:

man grep

🕒 4. `uptime` – Check System Running Time

uptime shows how long the system has been running, along with the current time, number of users, and system load averages.

📘 Syntax:

uptime

✅ Example Output:

14:21:36 up 3 hours, 2 users, load average: 0.15, 0.10, 0.05

3 hours: Time since the system was last rebooted
2 users: Active sessions
Load average: System load over 1, 5, and 15 minutes

🛠 Use Case:

Use uptime during performance checks or troubleshooting.

👤 5. `id` – Get User and Group Info

The id command displays your user ID (UID), group ID (GID), and group memberships.

📘 Syntax:

id

✅ Example Output:

uid=1000(kali) gid=1000(kali) groups=1000(kali),27(sudo)

You can also check another user’s info:

id root

🎯 Why it matters:

Great for checking permissions or confirming whether you have sudo privileges.

🔌 6. `lsusb` – List USB Devices

The lsusb command lists all USB buses and connected USB devices.

📘 Syntax:

lsusb

✅ Example Output:

Bus 001 Device 003: ID 1a2b:3c4d Kingston DataTraveler
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware Virtual USB

💡 Use Case:

Troubleshooting USB device issues or checking if a USB drive is detected.

💻 7. `lspci` – List PCI Devices

Use lspci to display all PCI buses and devices (like network cards, sound cards, etc.).

📘 Syntax:

lspci

✅ Example Output:

00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Device
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation HD Graphics

🔍 Helpful For:

Finding your graphics or sound card model
Checking driver support for PCI hardware

🧱 8. `ulimit` – Control Shell Resource Limits

ulimit is used to control the resources available to the shell and processes started by it. You can limit memory usage, open files, CPU time, etc.

📘 Syntax:

ulimit [option]

✅ Example:

Check current file size limit:

ulimit -f

Set a limit on the size of files created:

ulimit -f 1000

This limits file size to 1000 blocks (~1MB).

⚠ Note:

You need to use ulimit carefully—misusing it can prevent certain operations.

🔢 9. `wc` – Word Count in a File

wc stands for word count, but it can also count lines and characters.

📘 Syntax:

wc [options] filename

✅ Example:

wc /etc/passwd

Output:

45  72 2048 /etc/passwd

This means:

45 lines
72 words
2048 characters

Popular Options:

-l: count lines only
-w: count words
-c: count bytes

wc -l myfile.txt

💽 10. `lsblk` – List Block Devices

lsblk displays information about all available or connected block devices (like hard drives, SSDs, USBs).

📘 Syntax:

lsblk

✅ Example Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /home

🔧 Use Case:

Helpful when managing partitions or checking disk mounts.

🧠 Final Thoughts

These 10 Kali Linux commands are the foundation of any power user’s toolset. Whether you’re browsing logs, checking uptime, monitoring devices, or reading manuals, they help you get things done faster and smarter.

🛡 Why These Commands Matter in Kali Linux:

As a penetration tester or ethical hacker, you’ll often need to:

Read configuration files (more, less)
Understand system usage (uptime, ulimit)
Gather hardware info (lsusb, lspci, lsblk)
Learn tools in real-time (man)
Count data and audit logs (wc)
Check user info (id)

Mastering them will make your terminal experience smoother and more productive.

🚀 Keep Practicing!

Here’s a mini challenge for you:
Try running each of these commands on your Kali Linux terminal and explore their options using the man pages. For example:

man lsblk

You’ll be surprised how many advanced tricks each simple command offers!

If you enjoyed this guide, don’t forget to check out more tutorials and tech tips at hiranmoypati.com — your go-to place for learning ethical hacking, Linux, and tech in a beginner-friendly way.

Happy Hacking! 💻✨

Darjeeling Tour Planner – Complete Itinerary, Best Time to Visit & Must-Visit Places

6 May 2025

Planning a dream trip to Darjeeling? You’re in the right place! Known as the “Queen of the Hills”, Darjeeling offers a magical blend of breathtaking Himalayan views, colonial charm, lush tea gardens, and a peaceful escape from the chaos of city life. Whether you’re a solo traveler, a romantic couple, or a family with kids, Darjeeling promises unforgettable moments.

In this blog, we’ll guide you through:

The best time to visit Darjeeling
A day-wise itinerary with estimated costs
The top attractions
Travel tips, food recommendations, and more!

🗓️ Best Time to Visit Darjeeling

Season	Months	Highlights
Spring	March – April	Clear skies, blooming rhododendrons
Summer	May – June	Pleasant weather, ideal for sightseeing
Autumn	September – November	Crisp air, best mountain views
Winter	December – February	Snow in nearby areas, chilly weather
Avoid Monsoon	July – August	Heavy rain and landslides possible

✅ Best time overall: March to June & September to November
❌ Avoid: July & August (due to rain and roadblocks)

🧳 How to Reach Darjeeling

By Air: Nearest airport is Bagdogra (IXB) – 70 km from Darjeeling.
By Train: Nearest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri (NJP).
By Road: Shared taxis or private cabs available from Siliguri, NJP or Bagdogra.

🚗 Taxi Fare (One-way): ₹2,000 – ₹3,000 (private), ₹300 – ₹400 (shared)

🗺️ 5-Day Darjeeling Itinerary with Budget

Let’s plan a 5-day Darjeeling tour including sightseeing, food, and lodging for a comfortable trip.

✨ Day 1: Arrival & Local Walk

Arrive at NJP/Bagdogra → Travel to Darjeeling (3-4 hrs)
Check-in at hotel
Evening walk to Mall Road, enjoy coffee at Glenary’s
Explore Chowrasta and buy souvenirs

💰 Approx. Cost:

Taxi: ₹2,500
Hotel: ₹1,500 (budget) – ₹4,000 (mid-range)
Food: ₹400

🌄 Day 2: Sunrise at Tiger Hill + Local Sightseeing

4 AM: Drive to Tiger Hill to watch the sunrise over Kanchenjunga
On the way back, visit:
- Batasia Loop & War Memorial
- Ghoom Monastery
Post-breakfast:
- Darjeeling Zoo & Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
- Tenzing Rock
- Peace Pagoda (Japanese Temple)

💰 Approx. Cost:

Cab (half day): ₹1,500
Entry tickets: ₹300
Food: ₹500

🚂 Day 3: Toy Train & Tea Garden

Ride the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (UNESCO World Heritage Toy Train) – Joy Ride (Darjeeling to Ghoom and back)
Visit Happy Valley Tea Estate – Tea garden walk and tasting session
Evening: Sunset from Observatory Hill

💰 Approx. Cost:

Toy Train: ₹1,000 (1st Class), ₹600 (2nd Class)
Tea Garden entry: ₹200
Food + Misc: ₹600

🏞️ Day 4: Day Trip to Mirik or Lamahatta

Option A: Mirik Lake – Serene lake, boating, pine forests
Option B: Lamahatta Eco Park – Romantic nature walk, forest picnic

En route: Stop at Jorpokhri, Simana View Point, Indo-Nepal border

💰 Approx. Cost:

Cab (full day): ₹3,000 (can be shared among 4 people)
Food: ₹500
Entry: ₹100

🛍️ Day 5: Souvenirs & Departure

Visit Bhutia Market and Tibetan Refugee Center for shopping
Try local momo, thukpa one last time!
Depart for NJP/Bagdogra

💰 Approx. Cost:

Shopping: ₹1,000 (optional)
Taxi to NJP: ₹2,500

🏨 Where to Stay in Darjeeling?

Category	Budget Range (Per Night)	Suggestions
Budget	₹1,000 – ₹1,800	Revolver, Smriya Homestay
Mid-range	₹2,000 – ₹4,000	Dekeling Hotel, Sinclairs Darjeeling
Luxury	₹5,000+	Mayfair Darjeeling, Elgin Hotel

🌟 Top 10 Must-Visit Places in Darjeeling

Tiger Hill – Sunrise and Himalayan peaks
Batasia Loop – Scenic train spot
Darjeeling Zoo – Red pandas and snow leopards
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI)
Peace Pagoda & Japanese Temple
Darjeeling Toy Train (Joy Ride)
Tea Gardens (Happy Valley)
Ghoom Monastery
Mirik Lake or Lamahatta
Observatory Hill & Mahakal Temple

🍽️ What to Eat in Darjeeling?

Momo (steamed dumplings)
Thukpa (Tibetan noodle soup)
Darjeeling tea (must try!)
Sael Roti, Aloo Dum
Bakeries like Glenary’s, Keventers

💰 Estimated Total Budget (Per Person)

Category	Budget (Approx)
Travel (to & fro NJP)	₹5,000
Hotel (4 nights)	₹6,000 – ₹12,000
Food	₹2,000 – ₹3,000
Sightseeing & Entry	₹2,500 – ₹4,000
Miscellaneous/Shopping	₹1,500
Total	₹17,000 – ₹25,000

🎒 Pro Tip: Traveling in a group will reduce cab & hotel costs significantly!

✅ Travel Tips

Carry light woolens in summer, heavy jackets in winter
Book the toy train and hotels in advance during peak season
Use local shared taxis if on a tight budget
Respect the local culture and environment

📸 Final Thoughts

Darjeeling is not just a destination – it’s an experience wrapped in misty hills, colonial charm, soulful tea, and unmatched serenity. With this planner, you’re all set to have a well-organized, memorable trip that balances comfort, exploration, and budget.

If you need help booking packages or a custom itinerary, feel free to contact us at hiranmoypati.com – we’d be happy to assist you!

🔗 Stay tuned for more travel guides, photography tips, and itineraries right here on hiranmoypati.com.
📷 Follow us on Instagram @hiranmoy_pati for travel stories and reels!

Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner’s Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -3)

6 May 2025

Welcome to another helpful and beginner-friendly blog from hiranmoypati.com! Today, we’re diving into the core of every Linux system – the command line. If you’re learning Kali Linux for ethical hacking, cybersecurity, or even personal exploration, you’ll quickly realize that mastering the terminal is crucial.

In this blog, we’ll walk you through some of the most commonly used and helpful commands in Kali Linux:
echo, cat, mmv, ps, ps aux, vi, nano, free, and df.

Let’s break them down with simple explanations, practical examples, and a friendly tone—so even if you’re a beginner, you’ll feel confident using them in your daily Linux life.

🔊 1. `echo` – Display a Line of Text

The echo command is used to display a message or print text to the terminal.

🧪 Example:

echo "Welcome to hiranmoypati.com"

🧠 Output:

Welcome to hiranmoypati.com

You can also use echo to display the value of variables:

name="Hiranmoy"
echo "Hello, $name!"

Output:

Hello, Hiranmoy!

echo is often used in shell scripts to display output or log messages.

📄 2. `cat` – View Content of Files

The cat command (short for “concatenate”) allows you to read and display the contents of files.

🧪 Example:

cat file.txt

🧠 Output:

Shows everything inside file.txt.

Want to create a file with cat?

cat > myfile.txt

Now type something and press Ctrl + D to save it.

To append content to an existing file:

cat >> myfile.txt

Great for viewing logs or quick notes!

🔁 3. `mmv` – Move/Batch Rename Files

mmv is a powerful tool for batch-renaming and moving files using wildcards. It’s not installed by default, so you’ll need to install it:

sudo apt install mmv

🧪 Example:

mmv "*.txt" "#1.md"

This will rename all .txt files to .md (e.g., notes.txt becomes notes.md).

Another example:

mmv "image_#1.jpg" "photo_#1.jpg"

Super useful for managing a bunch of files at once, especially in scripts.

🔍 4. `ps` – Process Status

The ps command shows information about active processes.

🧪 Example:

ps

🧠 Output:

Shows your current shell session processes. To see more detailed process lists, use ps aux (see next section).

This is great for checking what’s running and their process IDs (PIDs), which can be useful for stopping unresponsive tasks.

🔬 5. `ps aux` – Detailed View of All Processes

This is an expanded version of ps. It shows all processes running on your system, not just those belonging to the current user.

🧪 Example:

ps aux

🧠 Output:

You’ll see columns like:

USER: Who started the process
PID: Process ID
%CPU and %MEM: Resource usage
COMMAND: The actual command or program

Need to find a specific process?

ps aux | grep firefox

This filters the results to only show processes with “firefox” in them.

✍️ 6. `vi` – The Powerful Text Editor

vi is a classic and lightweight terminal-based text editor. It can be intimidating at first, but it’s extremely powerful once you get the hang of it.

🧪 Opening a File:

vi test.txt

Basic `vi` commands:

Press i to enter insert mode
Type your content
Press Esc to exit insert mode
Type :w to save
Type :q to quit
Use :wq to save and quit

If you make a mistake:

:q!

Quits without saving.

vi is handy when you’re SSHing into a server and need a quick, lightweight editor.

🧾 7. `nano` – The Beginner-Friendly Text Editor

Not a fan of vi? No worries! nano is here.

Nano is simple and comes with on-screen shortcuts. It’s perfect for beginners.

🧪 Example:

nano myfile.txt

Start typing directly. Use the following keys:

Ctrl + O to save
Enter to confirm the filename
Ctrl + X to exit

Super easy and intuitive—great for editing configuration files or scripts.

🧠 8. `free` – Show Memory Usage

Want to know how much RAM is available or used? Use free.

🧪 Example:

free -h

🧠 Output:

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           7.6G        2.1G        3.4G        120M        2.1G        5.1G
Swap:          2.0G          0B        2.0G

-h makes the output human-readable (G for GB, M for MB)
Helps you track memory leaks or monitor system performance

💽 9. `df` – Disk Space Usage

The df command shows how much disk space is used and available on your drives.

🧪 Example:

df -h

🧠 Output:

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1        50G   18G   30G  40% /

Like free, using -h makes the output easy to understand.

Very useful for checking if your system is running out of space or where space is being used up.

🧵 BONUS TIP: Combining Commands with Pipes

Linux becomes more powerful when you chain commands using pipes (|) and redirection.

🧪 Example:

ps aux | grep apache

This searches running processes for “apache”. You can combine this with kill to stop a process.

kill -9 PID_NUMBER

Where PID_NUMBER is the number you found using ps aux.

🧰 Final Words – Practice Makes Perfect

The terminal might look intimidating at first, but it’s a powerful tool. These commands are some of the most useful in day-to-day usage on Kali Linux or any Linux distro.

Command	Use Case
`echo`	Display text or variables
`cat`	Read or write file content
`mmv`	Batch rename or move files
`ps`	Show current processes
`ps aux`	Show all system processes
`vi`	Edit files in a powerful environment
`nano`	Simple text editing
`free`	View memory usage
`df`	Check disk space usage

Learning these commands will make you faster, smarter, and more effective on the command line. So open up your Kali terminal, try them out, and don’t be afraid to explore!

If you’re interested in more Kali Linux tutorials, ethical hacking tips, or productivity hacks—make sure to bookmark hiranmoypati.com, follow us on social media, and subscribe to our newsletter.

💬 Got a Question?

Drop your doubts or favorite command in the comments below. We love hearing from fellow tech enthusiasts!

Happy Hacking! 🐱‍💻

Hiranmoy

Hiranmoy

Author: HIRANMOY PATI

Introduction

📚 Topics Covered in Day 5

🔁 What Is a Loop?

✅ for Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

Output:

✅ while Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

✅ Real-Life Example: Print Even Numbers (1 to 10)

Using for loop:

Using while loop:

🧮 Program 1: Multiplication Table (User Input)

➕ Program 2: Sum of 1 to N (User Input)

🌍 Why Loops Are Important?

✅ What I Learned Today

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 6)

📢 Final Note

Introduction

📚 Topics Covered in Day 4

🔀 What Are Conditional Statements?

🧠 Simple if Example

🔄 if – else Example

🧮 Real-Life Example: Pass or Fail

➕ Multiple Conditions Using elif

🧾 Real-Life Program: Student Result System

🌍 Why Conditional Statements Are Important

✅ What I Learned Today

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 5)

📢 Final Note

Introduction

📚 Topics Covered in Day 3

🔤 What Is a String in Python?

Example:

Output:

🧾 Taking User Input in Python (input())

Example:

Output:

🔢 Converting Input into Numbers

Example:

Output:

🧠 Formatting Output Using f-Strings

Example:

Output:

🏗️ Real-Life Example: Online Form

🌍 Why This Lesson Is Important

✅ What I Learned Today

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 4)

📢 Final Note

Introduction

📚 Topics Covered in Day 2

🧮 What Are Operators in Python?

🔢 Arithmetic Operators in Python

🏪 Real-Life Example: Shopping Bill

Python Code Example:

Output:

🏷️ Discount Calculation Example

Python Code:

Output:

🔍 Modulus Operator (%) – Real-Life Meaning

Example:

Output:

Real-Life Use Case:

🌍 Why Operators Are Important?

✅ What I Learned Today

🔜 Next Lesson (Day 3)

📢 Final Note

📌 Introduction

📚 Topics Covered in Day 1

🧠 What is Python?

🖨️ Printing Output in Python (print())

Example:

Output:

📦 Variables in Python

Example:

Output:

🔗 Using Text with Variables

Example:

Output:

🌍 Real-Life Example

✅ `for` Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

✅ `while` Loop Example (Print 1 to 10)

Using `for` loop:

Using `while` loop:

🧠 Simple `if` Example

🔄 `if – else` Example

➕ Multiple Conditions Using `elif`

🧾 Taking User Input in Python (`input()`)

🖨️ Printing Output in Python (`print()`)

1. `tac`: Print File in Reverse

2. `od`: Octal Dump

3. `od --all`: Full Format Dump

4. `sleep`: Pause Execution

5. `uft`: ⚠️ Possible Mistype?

6. `head`: Display First Lines

7. `tail`: Display Last Lines

8. `sort`: Organize Text

9. `lsof`: List Open Files

10. `lspci`: List PCI Devices

11. `grep`: Pattern Matching Hero

🔍 1. `more` – View Content One Page at a Time

📜 2. `less` – A More Powerful Pager