Web Development
App Development
Content Writing
Graphic Design
Data Analysis
Service

Our Services

There are many variations words pulvinar dapibus passages dont available.

Web Development

Fully responsive design, SEO-optimized websites, E-commerce integration

Read More

App Development

Cross-platform (iOS & Android),User-friendly interface,API integration

Read More

Content Writing

SEO-friendly content, Blog posts and articles,Website copy

Read More

Graphic Design

Logo design,Branding materials,Social media graphics

Read More

Join In Our Team

Please, Call Us To join in Our Team.
Our Blog

Our Blog

There are many variations words pulvinar dapibus passages dont available.

Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner's Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -5)

Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner’s Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -5)


In this blog, we’ll walk through 12 super useful Kali Linux commands. We’ll keep things simple, beginner-friendly, and real—because learning should be fun, not scary! 😊

Let’s dive into:

  • tac
  • od
  • od --all
  • sleep
  • uft
  • head
  • tail
  • sort
  • lsof
  • lspci
  • grep

1. tac: Print File in Reverse

While cat displays a file’s contents from top to bottom, tac does the opposite—it shows the lines from bottom to top.

📘 Syntax:

tac filename.txt

📌 Example:

Suppose you have a file lines.txt with the following lines:

Line One
Line Two
Line Three

Run:

tac lines.txt

🖥️ Output:

Line Three
Line Two
Line One

✅ Use Case:

Useful for reading logs in reverse order or analyzing data bottom-up.


2. od: Octal Dump

od (Octal Dump) lets you view binary data in human-readable format like hexadecimal, octal, or ASCII.

📘 Syntax:

od filename

📌 Example:

echo "hello" > demo.txt
od demo.txt

🖥️ Output:

0000000 150 145 154 154 157 012
0000006

Each number represents a character in ASCII.


3. od --all: Full Format Dump

You can use od with the --format=all (or simply --all) option to see data in all common formats: hexadecimal, octal, ASCII, etc.

📘 Syntax:

od --format=all filename

📌 Example:

od --format=all demo.txt

🖥️ Output includes:

  • Character representation
  • Octal values
  • Hex values
  • ASCII values

This is especially helpful in reverse engineering or malware analysis.


4. sleep: Pause Execution

Need to delay a process? sleep is your go-to command to pause script execution for a specific time.

📘 Syntax:

sleep [seconds]

📌 Example:

sleep 5

🕐 Waits for 5 seconds before executing the next command.

✅ Use Case:

Perfect for automating scripts with controlled delays or cooldowns between actions.


5. uft: ⚠️ Possible Mistype?

There is no standard Linux command called uft. Did you mean:

  • uftpd – a lightweight FTP server?
  • uft – as a typo for cut or uftp?

Please verify and I’ll update this section. (You can skip this for now if it was a typo.)


6. head: Display First Lines

Want to quickly preview the top of a file? Use head!

📘 Syntax:

head filename

By default, it shows the first 10 lines.

📌 Example:

head demo.txt

To show a specific number of lines:

head -n 5 demo.txt

7. tail: Display Last Lines

The opposite of head, tail shows the last lines of a file.

📘 Syntax:

tail filename

📌 Example:

tail -n 3 demo.txt

✅ Use Case:

Frequently used for watching log files in real-time:

tail -f /var/log/syslog

8. sort: Organize Text

Sort the lines in a file alphabetically or numerically.

📘 Syntax:

sort filename

📌 Example:

If names.txt contains:

Zebra
Apple
Mango

Run:

sort names.txt

🖥️ Output:

Apple
Mango
Zebra

Add -r to sort in reverse.


9. lsof: List Open Files

lsof (List Open Files) shows which files are currently open by processes.

📘 Syntax:

lsof

📌 Example:

lsof -u yourusername

List all open files for a specific user.

Another one:

lsof -i :80

Shows which process is using port 80.

✅ Use Case:

Ideal for troubleshooting file locks, open ports, and network issues.


10. lspci: List PCI Devices

Curious about your hardware? Use lspci to display information about PCI buses and connected devices.

📘 Syntax:

lspci

📌 Example Output:

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC
00:01.0 VGA compatible controller: VMware SVGA II Adapter

✅ Use Case:

Perfect for checking graphics cards, network cards, and more.


11. grep: Pattern Matching Hero

grep is one of the most powerful tools in Linux. It searches for patterns (text) inside files.

📘 Syntax:

grep "pattern" filename

📌 Example:

grep "error" /var/log/syslog

This finds all lines that contain the word “error”.

Use with -i to ignore case:

grep -i "ERROR" syslog

Combine with ps to find running processes:

ps aux | grep apache

✅ Use Case:

  • Log analysis
  • Keyword search
  • Filtering output

Bonus Tips 💡

Here are some practical combos and tricks using the above commands:

➤ Monitor a Log File for Errors in Real Time:

tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep "error"

➤ Wait Before Executing Another Command:

sleep 10 && echo "10 seconds later..."

➤ Reverse and Sort a File:

tac names.txt | sort

➤ Display Hardware Info:

lspci | grep VGA

Final Words

Learning Kali Linux commands doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Start small, experiment, and use commands like tac, od, head, grep, and lsof to get comfortable navigating and managing your system like a pro.

If you’re serious about ethical hacking or system administration, these commands are more than just tools—they’re your daily companions. Bookmark this guide and practice often!


👋 Let’s Connect!

If you enjoyed this post, explore more beginner-friendly tech blogs at hiranmoypati.com. Whether you’re learning ethical hacking, Excel, or growing your digital brand—I’ve got you covered.

Happy hacking, and see you in the next blog! 🚀


Learn Kali LinuxBeginner’s Roadmap to Ethical Hacking (2025) (3)

Basic Kali Linux Commands: A Beginner’s Guide for Ethical Hacking (Part -4)

Kali Linux commands: more, less, man, uptime, id, lsusb, lspci, ulimit, wc, and lsblk.


Whether you’re just starting out with Kali Linux or diving deeper into your cybersecurity journey, mastering essential commands is the key to working efficiently in the terminal. Kali Linux, a Debian-based system widely used for penetration testing and ethical hacking, offers a rich collection of commands that give you powerful control over your system.

In this friendly guide, we’ll explore 10 fundamental commands that every Kali Linux user should know: more, less, man, uptime, id, lsusb, lspci, ulimit, wc, and lsblk. We’ll explain each command with real-life examples and practical guidance so you can apply them immediately in your workflow.


🔍 1. more – View Content One Page at a Time

The more command lets you view the content of a file one screen at a time. This is super handy when you’re dealing with long configuration or log files.

📘 Syntax:

more filename

✅ Example:

more /etc/passwd

This will display the /etc/passwd file page-by-page. Press Space to go to the next page or q to quit.

📌 Use Case:

When a log file is too big for cat, use more to scroll through comfortably.


📜 2. less – A More Powerful Pager

less is similar to more, but with more features. You can scroll backward as well as forward. It doesn’t load the entire file at once, which makes it faster and more efficient.

📘 Syntax:

less filename

✅ Example:

less /var/log/syslog

Press Space to go forward, b to go back, /searchterm to search inside the file, and q to quit.

🆚 Why less is better than more:

  • Bidirectional navigation
  • Supports search
  • Loads faster

📖 3. man – The Manual Pages

Want to know how a command works? Use the man command to open the manual for it.

📘 Syntax:

man commandname

✅ Example:

man ls

This will open the manual for the ls command. Use arrow keys to navigate.

🎓 Pro Tip:

If you’re confused about any command, just type man before it. For example:

man grep

🕒 4. uptime – Check System Running Time

uptime shows how long the system has been running, along with the current time, number of users, and system load averages.

📘 Syntax:

uptime

✅ Example Output:

14:21:36 up 3 hours, 2 users, load average: 0.15, 0.10, 0.05
  • 3 hours: Time since the system was last rebooted
  • 2 users: Active sessions
  • Load average: System load over 1, 5, and 15 minutes

🛠 Use Case:

Use uptime during performance checks or troubleshooting.


👤 5. id – Get User and Group Info

The id command displays your user ID (UID), group ID (GID), and group memberships.

📘 Syntax:

id

✅ Example Output:

uid=1000(kali) gid=1000(kali) groups=1000(kali),27(sudo)

You can also check another user’s info:

id root

🎯 Why it matters:

Great for checking permissions or confirming whether you have sudo privileges.


🔌 6. lsusb – List USB Devices

The lsusb command lists all USB buses and connected USB devices.

📘 Syntax:

lsusb

✅ Example Output:

Bus 001 Device 003: ID 1a2b:3c4d Kingston DataTraveler
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware Virtual USB

💡 Use Case:

Troubleshooting USB device issues or checking if a USB drive is detected.


💻 7. lspci – List PCI Devices

Use lspci to display all PCI buses and devices (like network cards, sound cards, etc.).

📘 Syntax:

lspci

✅ Example Output:

00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Device
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation HD Graphics

🔍 Helpful For:

  • Finding your graphics or sound card model
  • Checking driver support for PCI hardware

🧱 8. ulimit – Control Shell Resource Limits

ulimit is used to control the resources available to the shell and processes started by it. You can limit memory usage, open files, CPU time, etc.

📘 Syntax:

ulimit [option]

✅ Example:

Check current file size limit:

ulimit -f

Set a limit on the size of files created:

ulimit -f 1000

This limits file size to 1000 blocks (~1MB).

⚠ Note:

You need to use ulimit carefully—misusing it can prevent certain operations.


🔢 9. wc – Word Count in a File

wc stands for word count, but it can also count lines and characters.

📘 Syntax:

wc [options] filename

✅ Example:

wc /etc/passwd

Output:

45  72 2048 /etc/passwd

This means:

  • 45 lines
  • 72 words
  • 2048 characters

Popular Options:

  • -l: count lines only
  • -w: count words
  • -c: count bytes
wc -l myfile.txt

💽 10. lsblk – List Block Devices

lsblk displays information about all available or connected block devices (like hard drives, SSDs, USBs).

📘 Syntax:

lsblk

✅ Example Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  100G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /home

🔧 Use Case:

Helpful when managing partitions or checking disk mounts.


🧠 Final Thoughts

These 10 Kali Linux commands are the foundation of any power user’s toolset. Whether you’re browsing logs, checking uptime, monitoring devices, or reading manuals, they help you get things done faster and smarter.

🛡 Why These Commands Matter in Kali Linux:

As a penetration tester or ethical hacker, you’ll often need to:

  • Read configuration files (more, less)
  • Understand system usage (uptime, ulimit)
  • Gather hardware info (lsusb, lspci, lsblk)
  • Learn tools in real-time (man)
  • Count data and audit logs (wc)
  • Check user info (id)

Mastering them will make your terminal experience smoother and more productive.


🚀 Keep Practicing!

Here’s a mini challenge for you:
Try running each of these commands on your Kali Linux terminal and explore their options using the man pages. For example:

man lsblk

You’ll be surprised how many advanced tricks each simple command offers!


If you enjoyed this guide, don’t forget to check out more tutorials and tech tips at hiranmoypati.com — your go-to place for learning ethical hacking, Linux, and tech in a beginner-friendly way.

Happy Hacking! 💻✨


Darjeeling Tour Planner – Complete Itinerary, Best Time to Visit & Must-Visit Places

Darjeeling Tour Planner – Complete Itinerary, Best Time to Visit & Must-Visit Places

Planning a dream trip to Darjeeling? You’re in the right place! Known as the “Queen of the Hills”, Darjeeling offers a magical blend of breathtaking Himalayan views, colonial charm, lush tea gardens, and a peaceful escape from the chaos of city life. Whether you’re a solo traveler, a romantic couple, or a family with kids, Darjeeling promises unforgettable moments.

In this blog, we’ll guide you through:

  • The best time to visit Darjeeling
  • A day-wise itinerary with estimated costs
  • The top attractions
  • Travel tips, food recommendations, and more!

🗓️ Best Time to Visit Darjeeling

SeasonMonthsHighlights
SpringMarch – AprilClear skies, blooming rhododendrons
SummerMay – JunePleasant weather, ideal for sightseeing
AutumnSeptember – NovemberCrisp air, best mountain views
WinterDecember – FebruarySnow in nearby areas, chilly weather
Avoid MonsoonJuly – AugustHeavy rain and landslides possible

Best time overall: March to June & September to November
Avoid: July & August (due to rain and roadblocks)


🧳 How to Reach Darjeeling

  • By Air: Nearest airport is Bagdogra (IXB) – 70 km from Darjeeling.
  • By Train: Nearest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri (NJP).
  • By Road: Shared taxis or private cabs available from Siliguri, NJP or Bagdogra.

🚗 Taxi Fare (One-way): ₹2,000 – ₹3,000 (private), ₹300 – ₹400 (shared)


🗺️ 5-Day Darjeeling Itinerary with Budget

Let’s plan a 5-day Darjeeling tour including sightseeing, food, and lodging for a comfortable trip.

✨ Day 1: Arrival & Local Walk

  • Arrive at NJP/Bagdogra → Travel to Darjeeling (3-4 hrs)
  • Check-in at hotel
  • Evening walk to Mall Road, enjoy coffee at Glenary’s
  • Explore Chowrasta and buy souvenirs

💰 Approx. Cost:

  • Taxi: ₹2,500
  • Hotel: ₹1,500 (budget) – ₹4,000 (mid-range)
  • Food: ₹400

🌄 Day 2: Sunrise at Tiger Hill + Local Sightseeing

  • 4 AM: Drive to Tiger Hill to watch the sunrise over Kanchenjunga
  • On the way back, visit:
    • Batasia Loop & War Memorial
    • Ghoom Monastery
  • Post-breakfast:
    • Darjeeling Zoo & Himalayan Mountaineering Institute
    • Tenzing Rock
    • Peace Pagoda (Japanese Temple)

💰 Approx. Cost:

  • Cab (half day): ₹1,500
  • Entry tickets: ₹300
  • Food: ₹500

🚂 Day 3: Toy Train & Tea Garden

  • Ride the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (UNESCO World Heritage Toy Train) – Joy Ride (Darjeeling to Ghoom and back)
  • Visit Happy Valley Tea Estate – Tea garden walk and tasting session
  • Evening: Sunset from Observatory Hill

💰 Approx. Cost:

  • Toy Train: ₹1,000 (1st Class), ₹600 (2nd Class)
  • Tea Garden entry: ₹200
  • Food + Misc: ₹600

🏞️ Day 4: Day Trip to Mirik or Lamahatta

Option A: Mirik Lake – Serene lake, boating, pine forests
Option B: Lamahatta Eco Park – Romantic nature walk, forest picnic

  • En route: Stop at Jorpokhri, Simana View Point, Indo-Nepal border

💰 Approx. Cost:

  • Cab (full day): ₹3,000 (can be shared among 4 people)
  • Food: ₹500
  • Entry: ₹100

🛍️ Day 5: Souvenirs & Departure

  • Visit Bhutia Market and Tibetan Refugee Center for shopping
  • Try local momo, thukpa one last time!
  • Depart for NJP/Bagdogra

💰 Approx. Cost:

  • Shopping: ₹1,000 (optional)
  • Taxi to NJP: ₹2,500

🏨 Where to Stay in Darjeeling?

CategoryBudget Range (Per Night)Suggestions
Budget₹1,000 – ₹1,800Revolver, Smriya Homestay
Mid-range₹2,000 – ₹4,000Dekeling Hotel, Sinclairs Darjeeling
Luxury₹5,000+Mayfair Darjeeling, Elgin Hotel

🌟 Top 10 Must-Visit Places in Darjeeling

  1. Tiger Hill – Sunrise and Himalayan peaks
  2. Batasia Loop – Scenic train spot
  3. Darjeeling Zoo – Red pandas and snow leopards
  4. Himalayan Mountaineering Institute (HMI)
  5. Peace Pagoda & Japanese Temple
  6. Darjeeling Toy Train (Joy Ride)
  7. Tea Gardens (Happy Valley)
  8. Ghoom Monastery
  9. Mirik Lake or Lamahatta
  10. Observatory Hill & Mahakal Temple

🍽️ What to Eat in Darjeeling?

  • Momo (steamed dumplings)
  • Thukpa (Tibetan noodle soup)
  • Darjeeling tea (must try!)
  • Sael Roti, Aloo Dum
  • Bakeries like Glenary’s, Keventers

💰 Estimated Total Budget (Per Person)

CategoryBudget (Approx)
Travel (to & fro NJP)₹5,000
Hotel (4 nights)₹6,000 – ₹12,000
Food₹2,000 – ₹3,000
Sightseeing & Entry₹2,500 – ₹4,000
Miscellaneous/Shopping₹1,500
Total₹17,000 – ₹25,000

🎒 Pro Tip: Traveling in a group will reduce cab & hotel costs significantly!


✅ Travel Tips

  • Carry light woolens in summer, heavy jackets in winter
  • Book the toy train and hotels in advance during peak season
  • Use local shared taxis if on a tight budget
  • Respect the local culture and environment

📸 Final Thoughts

Darjeeling is not just a destination – it’s an experience wrapped in misty hills, colonial charm, soulful tea, and unmatched serenity. With this planner, you’re all set to have a well-organized, memorable trip that balances comfort, exploration, and budget.

If you need help booking packages or a custom itinerary, feel free to contact us at hiranmoypati.com – we’d be happy to assist you!

🔗 Stay tuned for more travel guides, photography tips, and itineraries right here on hiranmoypati.com.
📷 Follow us on Instagram @hiranmoy_pati for travel stories and reels!